Our bodies are made of cells. Each cell is a soup of smaller components, all working together to execute the body’s various functions. Perhaps the most well-known of these components are proteins — long chains of amino acids that cells make with instructions from the DNA. When the DNA changes, the cell is able to make new proteins, sometimes with new functions, and in this way proteins are understood to be an integral part of evolution.

But new research is finding that this may also be a narrow view that misses other ways in which we evolve.

“Lipids make up to 30% [of the dry weight] of living cells. But people think of them only as shells,” Sven Gould, an evolutionary cell biologist at the Institute for Molecular Evolution in Düsseldorf, said.

Time for an updated view

Lipids are fat in cells. A textbook image of the cell membrane (which is what Gould meant by “shell”) shows proteins jostling in a bed of lipids. Scientists know a lot about these membrane proteins. About 25% of all human proteins are estimated to be located in the membranes. They carry out many functions: as receptors, they bind to specific molecules outside the cell; as channels, they allow specific molecules to enter and leave the cell; and as catalysts, they help speed up chemical reactions.

On the other hand, scientists’ understanding of lipids is limited to their role as a packing material, as things that hold proteins. In fact, they’re often imagined to be arranged in a homogenous layer made of round heads and long, flowy tails — readymade for proteins to just be dropped on.

A study published recently in Nature Communications from Swasti Raychaudhuri’s lab at the CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, challenges this view.

The RC1 complex

The team’s study focused on a group of membrane proteins called respiratory complex 1 (RC1). RC1 and other similar complexes are essential for cells to produce energy when the body breathes oxygen. They are found in the mitochondrial inner membranes of all eukaryotic cells that require oxygen to respire — including ours.

RC1 is the largest of these respiratory complexes. In humans, it is an obtuse-angled complex made of 44 proteins in humans. Some of the proteins are made in the cell’s cytoplasm and some inside the mitochondria. They find their way to the mitochondrial inner membrane to form the complex.

To study RC1, the scientists divided it into three parts: one that faces the inside of the mitochondria and catalyses reactions for energy production during respiration; one that moves through the lipid-rich mitochondrial inner membrane and acts as a canal for hydrogen ions; and one that extends into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes and whose exact roles are not yet understood.

Since RC1 is essential for respiration in living cells, mutations in it are expected to cause diseases. When looking for known RC1 mutations associated with diseases, the research team found something unexpected in the inter-membrane RC1 part: half of the mutations were in regions that interact with lipids in the mitochondrial membranes.

Proteins and lipids together

Upon investigating further, the researchers found that the inter-membrane parts of RC1 as well as lipids in the membranes are not the same in all life forms. Plants and animals have different versions. Using precise biochemical techniques, the researchers examined the lipid variety in cells and found that plant lipids have a kinkier structure than their animal counterparts. They attributed this to plant lipids being rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Using computational models, the team then compared the affinities between inter-membrane proteins of human and plant RC1s and a human and plant lipid called cardiolipin. It is the most prominent lipid found in the mitochondrial membranes.

They found that the proteins in human cells preferred human lipids over plant lipids, and vice versa. Similarly, in cultured cells, when team members inserted a part of plant RC1 that faces the lipids in the membranes into human mitochondrial membranes, they found that the complex disintegrated. In other words, the RC1 complex needs cardiolipin from organisms of the same kingdom for it to maintain its physical integrity. The team concluded that certain details in the structures and composition of lipids decide which proteins can exist with them.

Going a step further, the researchers have suggested that membrane lipids have evolved over time to suit the survival needs of different organisms. The kinkier tails of plant lipids offer greater structural flexibility in the membranes. This could have been because plant-like organisms have faced variegated environmental stresses through history, like drought, heat, and salinity, and benefit from having structurally flexible lipids.

Importantly, the proteins would then have had to co-evolve with the lipids to function correctly.

Need for new tools

In fact the new study may be the first to support the idea of lipid-protein co-evolution in mitochondrial membranes. Of course, it also holds up previous research that has demonstrated how lipids and proteins cross-talk in other membranes inside cells.

“Most labs study the roles of DNA, RNA, and proteins in evolution because a large community has grown around it,” Gould said. “However, evolution happens through all kinds of molecules that make up living cells and we need to study them.”

Not just in evolution: the study also opens up the possibility of understanding human health better. Drugs like statins are commonly used to control cholesterol — another prominent lipid — in cells. As scientists develop a fuller understanding of the roles lipids essay, they may assess and optimise the long-term use of substances like statins. The role of lipids in controlling the entry of pathogens into cells also demands attention.

However, these studies also require more sophisticated biological tools that don’t yet exist. Lipids are more complex molecules than proteins. While proteins are well-understood polymers consisting of 20 amino acids arranged in different ways, lipids are made of fatty acids that vary in length and chemical composition both. Their composition in particular is only partly controlled by an individual’s genes; the rest is influenced by diet and other environmental factors. Existing tools to study lipids also fall short when accounting for these complexities.

“It is extremely difficult to reconstitute lipids in labs. And membrane proteins are the toughest. But computational methods have developed faster than the biochemical tools,” Gould added. “Will these inspire more scientists to take up lipid biochemistry? That remains to be seen.”

It’s nevertheless clear that textbook images and the scientific imagination both need to change their attitudes towards membrane lipids. LDL, HDL, triglycerides, and cholesterol are already part of our daily consciousness. Studying these and other lipids further can thus help improve medical care as well as enhance our view of evolution. It’s a win-win.

Somdatta Karak, PhD heads science communication and public outreach at the CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad.

V. Naryanan, ISRO chairman (fourth from left), and other dignitaries at the commissioning of O-ARM in Chennai on Wednesday.
| Photo Credit: R. Ravindran

By 2040, India will be among the developed nations in the field of space and would have its own space station, V. Narayanan, chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), said.

Speaking at the commissioning of O-ARM – a stealth technology equipment for Kauvery Hospital – here on Wednesday, Mr. Narayanan noted that the ISRO looked to place in orbit an independent 52-tonne space station by 2035. “Work is on to building a rocket the size of a 40-story building, which will take people to space…,” he added.

“India is growing in all sectors. I request doctors to adhere to ethics and values, and work to help villagers lead a healthy life,” he further said.  

Aravindan Selvaraj, co-founder of Kauvery Hospital, said the O-ARM machine, installed in the hospital’s Alwarpet branch, helped doctors to precisely operate on tumours. It is especially helpful in treating brain and spine and in orthopaedic surgeries, he added.

Doctors who shared their experience said the technology’s precision would help patients get back on their feet faster, and heal better.

These models combine energy efficiency, advanced features, and durability to suit diverse needs and room sizes. Whether you’re looking for smart Wi-Fi-enabled ACs, convertible cooling modes, or long-lasting warranties, our recommendations have got you covered. This is our detailed guide to discover the perfect AC for your home this summer season!

The Voltas 1.5 Ton AC is a versatile cooling solution with a 4-in-1 adjustable mode for customized comfort. Its inverter compressor ensures energy efficiency, while the copper condenser offers durability and rust resistance.

With high-ambient cooling up to 52-degrees Celsius, it’s perfect for extreme climates. Though cooling speed and noise vary, its sleek design and value for money make it a reliable choice for medium-sized rooms.

What buyers are saying on Amazon?

Cools rooms quickly and looks sleek, but installation and noise levels vary.

Why choose this product?

Offers flexibility, durability, and energy savings, backed by a 10-year compressor warranty.

The Carrier 1.5 Ton AC is a tech-savvy cooling solution with Wi-Fi connectivity, allowing you to control it remotely via your smartphone or voice assistants like Alexa and Google Home. Its 6-in-1 convertible cooling technology lets you adjust cooling capacity (from 40% to 110%) based on room size or heat load, ensuring energy savings of up to 50%.

The PM 2.5 filter and anti-corrosion blue-coated copper condenser enhance air quality and durability, making it ideal for extreme climates (up to 52-degree Celsius). With features like stabilizer-free operation and refrigerant leakage detection, it’s a smart, reliable choice for modern homes.

What are buyers saying on Amazon?

Smart features like Wi-Fi and PM 2.5 filter are impressive, but some units are defective or noisy.

Why choose this product?

Choose this AC for its smart connectivity, advanced cooling options, and durable design, making it perfect for tech enthusiasts looking for energy efficiency and convenience.

The Godrej 1.5 Ton AC is a reliable cooling solution with a 5-year comprehensive warranty, offering peace of mind for long-term use. Its 5-in-1 convertible cooling technology allows you to adjust cooling capacity (40%–110%), ensuring energy savings and customized comfort. The hydrophilic blue fins on the copper condenser enhance durability and performance, even in high temperatures (up to 52°C).

With features like anti-microbial self-clean technology and i-Sense remote sensing, it ensures clean air and precise cooling tailored to your location. While installation and service experiences vary, its low noise levels and sleek design make it a great value-for-money option.

What are buyers are saying on Amazon?

Excellent cooling and quiet operation, but installation and service need improvement.

Why choose this product?

Choose this AC for its 5-year warranty, customizable cooling modes, and durability, making it ideal for those seeking long-term reliability and energy efficiency.

The Lloyd 1.5 Ton AC combines sleek design and advanced features like 5-in-1 convertible cooling and PM 2.5 + anti-viral filters for superior air quality. Its inverter compressor adjusts power based on heat load, ensuring energy savings and consistent cooling. The blue fins evaporator copper coils resist corrosion, enhancing durability and performance, even at high ambient temperatures.

With a turbo cool mode and hidden LED display , it offers both functionality and aesthetics. While installation experiences are mixed, its quiet operation and cooling performance make it a strong contender for medium-sized rooms.

What are buyers saying on Amazon?

Fast cooling and sleek design, but installation can be hit or miss.

Why choose this product?

Choose this AC for its superior air filtration, quiet operation, and durable design, making it perfect for health-conscious buyers with medium-sized rooms.

The Lloyd 1 Ton 5 Star AC is an energy-efficient cooling solution designed for small rooms. Its 5-in-1 convertible cooling technology offers flexibility, allowing you to adjust cooling capacity for optimal energy savings. The anti-viral + PM 2.5 filter ensures clean air, while the inverter compressor provides consistent cooling even at high temperatures.

With a sleek design, low noise levels, and a 5-star energy rating , it’s an excellent choice for compact spaces. However, installation and functionality issues have been reported by some buyers.

What are buyers saying on Amazon?

Impressive cooling and energy efficiency, but installation and remote issues noted.

Why choose this product?

Choose this AC for its energy efficiency, advanced air filtration, and compact design, making it ideal for small rooms and eco-conscious buyers.

The Carrier 1 Ton AC is a smart and energy-efficient cooling solution designed for small rooms. Its Wi-Fi connectivity allows remote control via smartphone or voice assistants like Alexa and Google Home. The 6-in-1 convertible cooling technology lets you adjust cooling capacity for optimal energy savings of up to 50%.

The PM 2.5 filter ensures clean air, while the anti-corrosion blue-coated copper condenser enhances durability and performance in rising temperatures. With features like stabilizer-free operation, refrigerant leakage detection, and auto cleanser, it’s a reliable and feature-packed choice for modern homes.

What are buyers saying on Amazon?

Smart features and good cooling performance, but some units are defective or noisy.

Why choose this product?

Choose this AC for its smart connectivity, advanced cooling options, and durable design, making it perfect for tech enthusiasts looking for energy efficiency and convenience.

The Hitachi 1 Ton AC is a compact yet powerful cooling solution with Xpandable+ Technology for enhanced airflow and faster cooling. Its FrostWash Technology ensures odour-free and clean air, while the 4-way swing provides uniform cooling across the room.

The inverter compressor adjusts power based on heat load, ensuring energy efficiency and consistent performance. With a 5-year comprehensive warranty and durable 100% copper condenser, it’s built to last. While installation experiences vary, its sleek design, quiet operation, and affordability make it an excellent choice for small rooms.

What are buyers saying on Amazon?

Excellent cooling and energy efficiency, but installation and service need improvement.

Why choose this product?

Choose this AC for its compact size, advanced air filtration, and quiet operation, making it ideal for small rooms and eco-conscious buyers.

The Blue Star 1.3 Ton AC is a versatile cooling solution with 5-in-1 convertible cooling technology, allowing you to adjust cooling capacity for customized comfort. Its anti-corrosive blue fins ensure durability, while the inverter compressor delivers energy efficiency and consistent performance.

With features like multi-sensors, dust filters, and turbo cool, it ensures clean air and rapid cooling. The 5-year comprehensive warranty adds peace of mind, though installation and service quality vary. Its ability to cool at high ambient temperatures makes it suitable for extreme climates.

What are buyers saying on Amazon?

Good cooling and adjustable settings, but installation and remote issues noted.

Why choose this product?

Choose this AC for its versatility, durability, and long warranty, making it ideal for those seeking flexibility and reliability in extreme climates.

What cooling capacity do I need for my room size?

For small rooms (up to 110 sq. ft.), opt for 1 Ton ACs like the Carrier 1 Ton or Hitachi 1 Ton . Medium-sized rooms (111–150 sq. ft.) require 1.5 Ton models like the Voltas 1.5 Ton or Lloyd 1.5 Ton , ensuring efficient cooling without overloading energy consumption.

How important is energy efficiency in choosing an AC?

Energy-efficient models like the Godrej 1.5 Ton (ISEER 4.1) or Lloyd 1 Ton 5 Star reduce electricity bills significantly. If you live in hot climates or use the AC frequently, prioritize higher ISEER ratings and star ratings (3-Star or 5-Star) for long-term savings.

Should I invest in smart features like Wi-Fi connectivity?

If convenience matters, go for smart-enabled ACs like the Carrier Wi-Fi AC series. Features like remote control via apps or voice assistants enhance usability but come at a premium. Evaluate if these features align with your lifestyle before investing.

How critical is warranty and durability for long-term use?

Long warranties, like the Godrej 5-Year Comprehensive or Blue Star 60-Month Warranty, ensure peace of mind. Durable copper condensers with anti-corrosion coatings are ideal for harsh climates, minimizing maintenance costs and ensuring uninterrupted performance.

Top 3 features of the best AC under ₹35000

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