When the Constitution of India was first published, over 75 years ago, it included many artworks. Amongst them was one showing Kubera, Ravana’s brother and the king of wealth and yakshas (nature spirits), fleeing from Lanka. It is often mistaken for Hanuman burning Lanka, but there are no flames of a burning city or a monkey’s tail.
The artwork, on page 102, by renowned artist Beohar Rammanohar Sinha, shows the king taking flight from the golden city he built, with nothing but his seal (mudra). It was to remind everyone of the many refugees who made India their home following the horrific partition of the land. And its details point to many interesting aspects of Indian history.
The form and clothing of Kubera remind us of the earliest bas-relief yaksha images seen at Bharhut and Sanchi, the earliest Buddhist sites of Madhya Pradesh, dated to around 100 BC. Similar yaksha statues are found further north in Mathura, on the banks of the Yamuna river. They all appear big boned, well-fed men and women, wearing fine fabrics and heavy jewellery.
Kubera’s necklace, made of many twisted strings of pearls, seen in many statues, is indicative of affluence as well as aesthetics. Yakshas are adorned with heavy earrings, bracelets, anklets, strings of gold beads and precious gems around their waist, arms, legs and head. The jewellery distracts from their pot bellies, short limbs and dwarfish, even ugly features. The artists are clearly commenting on how wealth makes even the ugly look pretty.
Rings of power
The signet ring was introduced to India by the Indo-Greeks who invaded the country around the same time, inspiring the story of Kubera’s seal as well as Lord Rama’s ring, which Hanuman presents to Sita. Even King Dushyanta’s ring that Shakuntala loses in the river and is later found in the belly of a fish. Gem-encrusted jewels were introduced to India by Scythians and Parthians, who engaged with the subcontinent around this time. So, the artwork reminds us of how Indian culture was influenced by ideas that came from the West, with Yavanas (Ionian Greeks), Sakas (Iranian nomads) and Pahlavas (Parthians), all of whom find mention in the Ramayana.
The artwork also shows Ashoka trees, laden with red flowers, and the golden buildings that Hanuman encountered when he visited Lanka. Scholars have noted that the presence of the Ashokas was a marker of Buddhist literature, just as Sala trees were markers of Hindu epics. In imagery, the Sala and Ashoka are often confused. Rama shoots his arrows through seven Sala trees at Kishkinda. Sita is imprisoned in the Ashoka garden in Lanka.
Sala trees are found in the Chhattisgarh area, while Ashoka trees grow farther east, and is the state tree of Odisha. The geography of the earliest Ramayanas was restricted to these parts.
Whimsical nature of fortune
Indian mythology is full of stories where brothers fight brothers. The siblings usually have a common father. So devas and asuras, the children of Rishi Kashyapa, fight over the common inheritance, as do yakshas and rakshasas (demons), the children of Rishi Pulastya. Gond kings in 16th century Central India issued coins declaring themselves descendants of Pulastya. The Dipavamsa epic of Sri Lanka states that the earliest inhabitants of the land were yakshas (yakka), long before Buddhism arrived.
In Sanchi artworks, yakshas appear as bejewelled gnome-like beasts, who bear the weight of pillars, indicating the power of economics, its ability to support the arts and fund monasteries. Yakshas represented the merchants who controlled the rich trade on the highways radiating out of Pataliputra (now Patna). Kubera is described as riding humans (nara-vahana). This can be a metaphor for how wealth controls humans or can be taken literally to mean palanquins. He is also famous for his mongoose (nakula) that spits jewels. The animal clearly gets the jewels by killing nagas, subterranean serpents with gems (nagamani) in their hood.
Ravana drives Kubera out of Lanka and declares himself king. Kubera takes refuge in the snowy mountains of the north and builds the city of A-lanka, or Alaka. Yakshas of the north represent growth, while rakshasas of the south represent decay, in geomancy or vaastu. The two balance each other.
Kubera’s tale is a reminder of the whimsical nature of fortune. One moment, he is lord of Lanka. The next, a poor refugee, driven out of his home by his brother. He recreates his fortune when given protection by Shiva. This is the hope India offered to many refugees.
Devdutt Pattanaik is the author of 50 books on mythology, art and culture.
Published – April 17, 2025 03:39 pm IST