Rooted in mediaeval European traditions and transformed over centuries into a uniquely Brazilian expression of history, faith, and festivity, the Cavalhada festival serves as a powerful symbol of syncretism (attempting to combine different beliefs or schools of thought) and national identity. Celebrated in various towns across Brazil, particularly in the states of Goiás, Minas Gerais, and Paraíba, the Cavalhada festival commemorates the historical battles between Christians and Moors during the Middle Ages, reinterpreted through colourful pageantry and horsemanship in the modern age.
Moorish knights, in red, and Christian knights, in blue, ride horses during a battle reenactment at the Cavalhadas, or Holy Spirit, Festival in Pirenopolis, Goias state, Brazil.
| Photo Credit:
Eraldo Peres
The origin
The Cavalhada’s history begins in the Christian Reconquista—a multi-century period in which Christian kingdoms progressively reclaimed land from Muslim rule in what is now Spain and Portugal on the Iberian Peninsula. In order to commemorate religious events and military triumphs, jousting competitions and horseback races were held during this time. These spectacles, also referred to as “cavalhadas” or jogos de mouros e cristãos (Moors and Christians games), were entertainment as well as a way to strengthen Christian political power and ideology.
Revellers participate in a procession of the Holy Spirit during the Cavalhadas Festival in Pirenópolis, Goiasl state, Brazil.
| Photo Credit:
Eraldo Peres
During the 16th Century, the Portuguese introduced these customs to Brazil when they colonised the country. The Cavalhada changed over time in Brazil, incorporating local religious practices, Indigenous and African influences, European medieval themes, and the unique regional identity of Brazilian cities and towns.
Symbolism in the modern age
The Cavalhada revolves around a theatrical battle between two opposing groups of riders on horseback: the Christians, who are typically dressed in blue, and the Moors, who are dressed in red. The spectacle takes place in a large open field, with the riders engaging in symbolic combat that culminates in the Christian knights’ victory, which is frequently followed by the Moors’ conversion to Christianity. This reenactment, while stylised and ceremonial, echoes the historical narratives.
A masked reveller stands in front of the church of Our Lady of the Rosary, during the Cavalhadas, or Holy Spirit, Festival in Pirenopolis, Goias, Brazil.
| Photo Credit:
Eraldo Peres
The horses, adorned with ornate decorations, play an important role in the performance. From races to simulated duels to coordinated displays, the riders showcase their equestrian prowess through a variety of games and manoeuvres. The event is accompanied by drumming, music, and traditional instruments, which give the reenactment more drama and rhythm. Despite the theme of war, the Cavalhada is a ritual of unity and reconciliation rather than a celebration of violence, which strikes a deep chord in the diverse Brazilian society.
The Cavalhada is traditionally held during the Festa do Divino Espírito Santo (Feast of the Holy Spirit), a Catholic celebration that occurs fifty days after Easter. This religious holiday honours the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the Apostles, and in Brazil, the Festa do Divino includes processions, masses, and community feasts. The Cavalhada is often the grand finale of these festivities.
Moorish knights ride horses during a battle reenactment at the Cavalhadas, or Holy Spirit, Festival in Pirenopolis, Goias state, Brazil.
| Photo Credit:
Eraldo Peres
Cavalhada in today’s day and age
Pirenópolis, a historic town in the state of Goiás, is the setting for one of the most famous Cavalhadas. For over two centuries, the people of Pirenópolis have celebrated this event with great fanfare, drawing thousands of visitors each year. The city’s cobblestone streets come alive with colour and music as local artisans, musicians, and food vendors participate in the festivities. The event includes not only the equestrian competitions but also parades, theatrical performances, and folk dances.
Girls pose for photos in front of the altar of the Divine Holy Spirit during the Cavalhadas Festival in Pirenopolis, Goias state, Brazil.
| Photo Credit:
Eraldo Peres
As gender dynamics in modern Brazil change, women who have historically been excluded from the Cavalhada have also increasingly found ways to participate through supporting roles, costume-making, and related festivities.
Various other towns, such as Bonfim in Minas Gerais and Lagoa Seca in Paraíba, have developed their own unique interpretations of the Cavalhada. By incorporating local folklore, religious syncretism, and various performance styles, these regional variations demonstrate the tradition’s versatility and depth.
A family wearing costumes attends the Cavalhadas, or Holy Spirit, Festival, in Pirenopolis, Goias state, Brazil.
| Photo Credit:
Eraldo Peres
While widely celebrated, the Cavalhada has also faced critical reflection over the years. The festival’s depiction of Muslims (Moors) as enemies has drawn criticism from academics and activists, particularly in light of the current climate that demands greater respect and understanding between cultures. This has led to many communities reinterpreting the symbolism of the event, emphasising themes of coexistence, cultural integration, and mutual respect. Thus, the Cavalhada, like Brazil itself, continues to be shaped by the interplay of tradition and transformation.
